Assessment Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Evaluation Worksheet Essay DACL is a rundown of Access control passages; it characterizes get to control for clients and gatherings. 2) Why might you add authorizations to a gathering rather than the person? What strategy definition do you believe is required to help this sort of access control usage? While adding consents to a gathering it makes it simpler for an enormous association and simply set up the entrance for the divisions, or occupation jobs. Making GPO is best use for this activity. 3) List the 5 distinctive access control authorizations that can be empowered on client envelopes and information inside a Microsoft Windows Server. Full Control, Modify, Read Execute, Read, Write, Special authorizations. 4) What is the most minimal degree of authorization you can empower for a client who must view the substance of an organizer and its records? For what reason is this kind of authorization vital? Understand authorization, this consent is important to permit the client of a gathering to get data of another office in the business. 5) What are other accessible Password Policy choices that could be upheld inside a Microsoft Windows Server to improve security? Under record alternatives you can have the client either change and make their own secret phrase upon next logon, make it so they can't change the secret phrase except if permitted to by administrator, cause the secret key to lapse or not, and empower reversible encryption. 6) Is utilizing the choice to Store passwords utilizing reversible encryption a decent security practice? Why or why not? When would it be advisable for you to empower the alternative to Store passwords utilizing reversible encryption? It is known as not an ordinary practice, it is utilized for applications or projects to peruse the clients secret key for consent to utilize. It stores the secret word as plain content, and utilized in final hotel circumstances where there is no compelling reason to secure the secret key or different alternatives are exceeded for chance. 7) What’s the distinction between a Local Group Policy and a Domain Group Policy? Neighborhood Group Policy; every PC has precisely one Group Policy object that is put away locally. This procedures for both PC and client Group Policy handling. Area Group Policy is a worldwide setting for all gatherings in the space. 8) In what request are on the whole accessible Group Policies applied? There is the default applied, and new strategies are applied after by connecting to dynamic directory.â 9) What is an Administrative Template as it alludes to Windows Group Policy Objects? Authoritative formats can be utilized to have settings for clients and what they can access on windows, programs and so on and can have envelopes diverted. As a matter of course some are empowered and have windows default settings. Layouts can be valuable for overseeing gatherings. 10) What is the GPMC? In what manner can GPMC help guarantee legitimate access controls are actualized effectively? The Group Policy Management Console binds together approaches over a backwoods or venture in one reassure, and can without much of a stretch make arrangements for gatherings and set their entrance.

The Black and Tan Angel essays

The Black and Tan Angel articles The object of my paper is to inspect how players of various races, sex, age, and social statuses have affected the sport of golf in the United States at the PGA and LPGA level, making it what it is today. I picked this theme in light of the fact that such a significant number of players like Vijay Singh, Michelle Wie, Se Ri Pak, Annika Sorenstam, and Tiger Woods are advancing in history as sensational players in the sport of golf. They are changing the sport of golf by breaking records and setting new measures regular. I think this point is imperative to take a gander at on the grounds that golf is a game that has been near and played for a long time. For quite a long time it was a game that was constantly seen as a white keeps an eye on sport, anyway after some time the game has changed to incorporate various minorities and sexual orientations. To start with, lets investigate how race has affected the sport of golf. Golf was a game that was once known as one played by rich Caucasians. Most early golf players were involved British and American residents, which were Caucasian. During the 1960s, the incredible notable golf players, Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus (the two Caucasians) were frequently observed at the highest point of the scoreboard. In 1961, the PGA at long last pulled back its whites just guideline, permitting golf players of various minorities to play. Vijay Singh was one of these first all around perceived golf players to go into the sport of golf. Singh earned an exclusion on the U.S. PGA Tour in the mid year of 1993, and is presently an individual from both the PGA and European Tours. The PGA Tour and LPGA Tour in the United States are presently loaded up with individuals who are African American, and Asian from everywhere throughout the world. Tiger Woods is one of these minority golf players that are very notable because of his incredible accomplishment on the PGA Tour. Tiger is known as a good example to numerous African American minorities, giving them trust that they also get an opportunity of turning into an expert competitor. At one time African Americans, for example, Tiger Woods, were just observed on a g... <!

2019 Early Action Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2019 Early Action Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2019 Early Action Update Yesterday the UGA Admissions Office announced that our Early Action decision release date would be Friday, November 16 in the late afternoon. If you have been following my blog for a while, you will know not to ask when late afternoon is, as I cannot give you an exact time. In the lead up to the decisions going out in two weeks, here is some data about this years Early Action application group. Total EA Applications:16,906 (submitted and app fee paid) 13.6% increase over last year, which is a very big increase Complete Early Action Applications as of today:16,320 97% are complete right now, very impressive EA Applicants Applying within 4 days of Deadline: 7,500 Wow, just wow Total number of EA Applicants using Coalition App: 5,000 We are fine with either application source (in-house app or Coalition) Residency data on EA apps: 54% in-state, 46% out-of-state We do not make different decisions based on residency, but it is an interesting data point as we saw a large jump in out-of-state apps this year. Most common majors: Biology 1,850 applicants, Undecided 1,557 We do not make different decisions based on major, but it is always interesting to see the different academic interests of our applicants. As you can see, a huge number of the Early Action applications are complete. Only 3% of our applicants are incomplete, with some of those having issues due to the recent hurricanes impacting the southeast. We will be shutting down the importing of test scores and documents very soon, so make sure all your materials are in. We import both test scores and documents daily in the early morning, and we are totally caught up with all materials. If your test scores are still not matched up with your application, check to make sure the testing agency has actually sent them, and that the full name and email associated with the scores matches your application data. If there is a mis-match with your name, email and other data and the scores show as being sent to UGA, I suggest you reach out to us by email to fix this issue ASAP. I cannot guess as to how the increase in applications will impact any decisions right now, but please know that we have a large number of very strong EA applicants. Now we just have to get through reviewing them all! Good luck, and Go Dawgs!

Relationship Between Boxer And Boxer In Animal Farm By...

Animal Farm by George Orwell, written in 1945 displays numerous themes of which highly impact the audience. These concepts were delivered through the actions of the characters of whom Orwell based off of iconic parties in the Russian Revolution. These themes were also shown through the relationships of the character. As said, the novel was based on the Russian Revolution that happened during 1917, of which coincides with the immensely strong themes of exploitation, tyranny, and propaganda. These aforementioned themes are ones of which are heavily seen relationships between various characters and Boxer, of whom represents both the lower masses and the animals. First of all, one relationship of which is significant to the text lies in†¦show more content†¦Second of all, the relationship between Napoleon and Boxer is one of vast differences. Napoleon’s character is seen to be brutal and manipulative in comparison to Boxer’s innocence and naivete. The pair harmoniously coexists as Boxer’s loyalty to Napoleon becomes increasingly toxic, which leads to his own death. The difference between the two is vital to the text as it shows how even Boxer, a character looked up to by the animals, is so blinded by Napoleons manipulative ways. Napoleon, obviously needing to keep Boxer on his side, manipulates Boxer into believing that he is someone of power, as seen after the Battle of Cowshed when Boxer knocks a young lad out and gets awarded a medal for it (Animal Hero, First Class). I think that Orwell writes this in order to convey the constant idea of how Napoleon manipulates everyone in order to get what he wants.; A them e that is seen throughout the whole novel. This is significant to the text as manipulation is the most labouriously enforced theme throughout the novel. Third of all, I believe that another relationship should be mentioned as it holds a high importance to the text. The relationship between Squealer and Napoleon is one of which is as iconic to the whole text. Napoleon doesn’t manipulate Squealer into being his mouthpiece. Instead, Squealer willingly helps fool theShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm - Character Analysis- Boxer the Horse Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagescharacters through similar experiences and emotions and so these characters often invite our understanding and empathy. In George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm, Boxer the horse invites our empathy. We empathise with Boxer and the way in which the pig Napoleon, the leader of Animal Farm, takes advantage of his good-natured personality and manipulates him into following all orders. Boxer is unaware of the fact that he is being taken advantage of and that Napoleon has forced him into being the main labourerRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm994 Words   |  4 Pages G eorge Orwell was known as one of the greatest English writers of all time. He wrote several articles and novels, including one of his greatest books Animal Farm. The Animal Farm describes the leadership of the Soviet Union’s Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky using farm animals (â€Å"George Orwell†). The Soviet Union, now known as Russia, was much different under the leadership of Stalin than it is now. The Soviet Union was a dictatorship under Stalin, but it is currently a republic. The change in governmentRead MoreCharacteristic Of A Lion In Animal Farm, By George Orwell1668 Words   |  7 Pagesemotions such as if someone is larger, then they are depicted as dominant, or a person who smiles is considered friendly. The same process can happen in relation to the animal kingdom. A lion is considered noble or brave. When a person thinks about animals, they consider different human characteristics. In Animal Farm, by George Orwell, the book portrays these characteristics b y creating pigs as leaders and dogs as followers, and horses as hard workers. This book is read in schools throughout the countryRead MoreSymbolism in Animal Farm1766 Words   |  8 PagesSymbolism in Animal Farm Animal Farm is almost a direct parallel to Russia during the time of World War I through World War II. The characters all have real life counterparts that are easily seen. The events are also all real and conveyed in the novel in an easily understood way. The novel creates a new way to look at the events that transpired during this time period and allows people to really understand what happened. In Animal Farm, George Orwell employs many symbols to convey the parallelismRead MoreAnimal Farm Film Analysis838 Words   |  4 Pages This essay is a comparative analysis between the film and novel, Animal Farm. Animal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1943 and published on the 17th of August 1945. A motion picture of the novel was later produced on the 29th of December 1954 by director Joy Bachelor. There are many differences and similarities between the novel and film involving the use of characters, symbolism, themes, dialogue and events. Animal farm was a successful novel as the length was 112 pages, therefore the movieRead MoreA Critical Review of Animal Farm Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Review of Animal Farm Once again, George Orwell shows his literary genius in writing. Through a brilliantly designed plot, the evidence for the horrors of totalitarianism, communism, and revolution have been shown. Throughout history, these types of events have destroyed societies, and George Orwell uses his strength in satire to show this. In someways, he even pokes fun at the communist regimes around the world by symbolizing them as animals. Truly, this book is not only serious inRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm And 19841948 Words   |  8 Pagesincluding Britain. George Orwell’s use of symbolism, metaphors, and allusions to help develop the ideals of totalitarian governments and their effects on society in his novels Animal Farm and 1984. Orwell uses symbolism to show various aspects of totalitarian governments in Animal Farm. The animal farm, or manor farm, is the plantation in which the animals all live and work on. Manor farm symbolizes various Human societies such as capitalists, socialists, and communists. Orwell uses this to showRead MoreOrwells Comparing Animal Farm and The Russian System Of Communism971 Words   |  4 PagesOrwells Comparing Animal Farm and The Russian System Of Communism Animal Farm is a satire and prophecy of the Russian revolution, which was written by George Orwell in 1945. George Orwell was a political satirist who led a somewhat strange life. His original name was Eric Arthur Blair, which was later changed to his familiar pen name for its manly, English, country-sounding ring. He was a lonely boy and had many uncertain jobs until he finally became a writer, crossing Read MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1228 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell wrote his book Animal Farm with the goal of showing his views and to express a story where characters in the book represent real and specific people and situations. Animal Farm ultimately signifies the Russian Revolution and the early years of the Soviet Union. The book uses Animalism to demonstrate communism and the Manor Farm is symbolic of Russia. Orwell displays a strong message in the novel about how power can time and again lead to corruption and oppression. People often thriveRead More George Orwells Animal Farm Essay2355 Words   |  10 PagesGeorge Orwells Animal Farm Mollie- Represents the rich and noble of Russia at the time (esp. the Czar and his family). Those who fled Revolutionist Russia, because they had had a better life beforehand, and were un-willing to accept change. The messages that Orwell is trying to express through Mollie are directly opposite to the actions which are displayed through Benjamin. Although they were both unwilling to accept change, their actions were very different. The message that Orwell

Overpopulation Is A Catastrophe - 841 Words

In the last decades, the mortality rate has reduced, and life expectancy has risen significantly due to the advance in the medical aspect. As a result, most countries of the world have experienced enormous changes in the people number. These changes have boomed considerably and have converted to overpopulation. Currently, the global population is 7 billion, and the increase rate is 1.3% annually that means by the end of the twenty-first century the population will reach twelve billion (Keenan, 2013). Therefore, there is a huge debate going on right now regarding overpopulation. For some people, explosion in population has no detrimental impacts in the future, and it will be bearable. In contrast, others believe rapid growing population can cause disaster; this concept is the most plausible. Accordingly, in this essay, the notion of being overpopulation as a catastrophe will be proved in terms of environmental and healthy questions, natural resources consumption and economic and socia l issues. Undoubtedly, environmental and health problems are the first harmful consequences of overpopulation. A thriving population implies an increasing need for residential and agricultural lands. Because of this, deforestation dilemma and the collapse in biodiversity have emerged. Tal (2013) states that during the last sixty years, the population grew four times in Brazil consequently the Amazon suffers from dwindling the size of the forests and extinction many species of plants and wildlife.Show MoreRelatedOverpopulation Is A Global Catastrophe1096 Words   |  5 PagesNaturally, as our population grows in size our growth rate increases exponentially. As a result, we face the issue of overpopulation, one of the many dangerous trends discussed in Anthony Barnosky and Elizabeth Hadly’s Tipping Point for Planet Earth. Currently, if we do not make any changes, it is expected that we will reach a population size over twenty-seven billion people by the year 2100. Along with this massive increase in population size, we will also face a rise in food and water shortagesRead MoreContent Analysis Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance and direction of natural disasters, global warming, overpopulation, and industrialization. Recurrent words are population and over population, economy, natural disaster, data and facts, costs, CO2 emissions, industry, and health. Many times the recurrent words are referred in different ways. In regards to population, the word appears in many ways such as world population, human population,global population, overpopulation, people worldwide, the population, and migrants. EconomyRead MoreEffects Of Overpopulation923 Words   |  4 PagesMalthusian focuses on bringing importance to the issue of overpopulation and how it strains many aspects of our lives such as the environment, and economy. Therefore, Thomas Robert Malthus’ theory of overpopulation is a prime example of the dangers overpopulation can have on our planet if there are no measures taken to ensure that there will be a sustainable future. For instance, we are going through a crisis in many parts of the world where overpopulation is an issue and is resulting in poverty. AdditionallyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Birth Control Solution By Nicholas Kristof759 Words   |  4 Pagesclearly tells his thesis in the next paragraph by posing the reader, â€Å"What’s the impact of overpopulation?† His first answer for that question is that overpopulation causes youth bulges in growing countries, making them more prone to conflict. He uses Afghanistan and Yemen as examples. While hard to prove, increased population means increased casualties in war no doubt. His next answer is that overpopulation causes more poverty. While he gives no specific example of this in his article, it is notRead MoreThe Troubling Future of Our Nation642 Words   |  3 Pages There are series of issues that are gradually arising from the depth of our nation. Many of the problems root from the decisions and actions made today. One of these problems is the overpopulation that the U.S seems to be heading towards. With the freedom and laws that protect its people today, and the hopes and dreams of the golden tan glossed by the Californian sun, the U.S has been one of the biggest eye-candy for vacationers and those in search for a new place to start over. ThisRead MoreThe World s Overpopulation Problem Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pages210,000 new people everyday and by 2050 that there will be roughly 9.6 billion people (McClatchy). How are we going to prevent the disastrous measure of pollution, diseases, extinction of resources, more poverty, people and etc.? As the world’s overpopulation problem should be changed to prevent future severe issues. First off, the proponent states that the one future major problem that will ineffably get worse is epidemic or outbreaks of disease and viruses. The more people on earth the higher chanceRead MoreThe Scientific Prediction Of Overpopulation1307 Words   |  6 PagesThe Scientific Prediction of Overpopulation in China In today’s society, there are many environmental issues , such as pollution, global warming, and overpopulation. These issues have taken a damage on our environment and its resources. Overpopulation is a serious issue that will eventually have a greater negative impact on many countries, and this must be identified, analyzed, and controlled immediately. This issue caused a large crowd of people and the limited resources around the world.Read MoreLifeboat Summary1161 Words   |  5 Pagesargues that we have no obligation to help poor nations. With a consequentialism prospective, Hardin argues that rich nations such as the United States, giving to poor nations has devastating consequences, specifically in countries/nations where overpopulation cannot be controlled. Hence, people in rich nations have an obligation not to help others in such countries (645). His argument is founded on the metaphor of a lifeboat (646). He recognizes that about 2/3 of the world is severely impoverishedRead MoreOverpopulation can be described as the failure of the world’s resources to sustain the population.1600 Words   |  7 PagesOverpopulation can be described as the failure of the world’s resources to sustain the population. The limited natural resources have increased challenges for countries facing this. This paper covers the effects of overpopulation in the world today. The current worlds population is approximately six billion people, and the amount of time that it takes for the population to increase by another billion is decreasing with each billion. It is estimated that they will be about eight billion people byRead MoreOverpopulation and Environmental Problems1008 Words   |  5 PagesOverpopulation is becoming a leading environmental problem in which resources are becoming depleted faster than are being created. Hoevel explains, â€Å"Overpopulation occurs when a population’s density exceeds the capacity of the environment to supply the health requirements of an individual† (Hoevel 1). This means that after a population has overused the resources in an area, the environment will no longer be able to support them, and there lies the problem with overpopulation. Wenner explains, â€Å"Sustainability

Focoism And Western Warfare - 645 Words

Focoism and Western Warfare Focoism as a concept of warfare was first advanced by the revolutionary Che Guevara. Guevara, who was an active participant in the Cuban Revolution, used his experiences and observations in said struggle to develop his theory. Guevara believed that is was not necessary that in order for a revolution to be successful that such revolution must wait for exactly the right moment. Instead, he believed that even a small group of revolutionaries could create revolutionary conditions by a popular uprising which causes the issues to be brought to attention and which, in turn, support is generated among the masses. Focoism has been largely identified with Communism but, in actuality, focoism is not clearly identified with any particular political ideology. It is a strategy of revolutionary activity whose main purpose is to mobilize the oppressed against their oppressors. Because Communism is often viewed similarly, Focoism has been identified with the Communist move ment but they are distinctly different. Communism is based upon an ideology while Focoism is not. Focoism is merely a belief that revolutions can be built and maintained through the efforts of a small group of dedicated revolutionaries. Focoism and Communist revolutionary efforts, however, are both based on the use of counterinsurgency and guerrilla warfare. Both utilize one of two methods to wage their warfare: by either transforming themselves into conventional forces and defeating theirShow MoreRelatedThe Different Revolutionary Tactics657 Words   |  3 PagesRevolutionary Tactics Focoism is a revolutionary strategy that was originally popularized by Ernesto Che Guevara, the Argentinian physician-turned-revolutionary who was instrumental in the success of the Cuban Revolution in the late 1950s. The strategy contends that revolutionaries need not spend great amounts of time trying to build a following or urging people to join their cause, and that a small, relatively unplanned band of dedicated revolutionaries can readily incite people to support its

Fuel Energizer free essay sample

SEMINAR REPORT ON FUEL ENERGIZER Fuel energizer 2 www. techalone. com ABSTRACT In this era of increasing fuel prices, here a device called ‘FUEL ENERGIZER’ help us to Reduce Petrol /Diesel /Cooking gas consumption up to 28%, or in other words this would equal to buying the fuel up to 28% cheaper prices. When fuel flow through powerful magnetic field created by Magnetizer Fuel Energizer, The hydrocarbons change their orientation and molecules in them change their configuration. Result: Molecules get realigned, and actively into locked with oxygen during combustion to produce a near complete burning of fuel in combustion chamber. Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 3 www. techalone. com CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE MAGNETIZER AND HYDRO CARBON FUEL 3. ATOMS OF HYDROGEN IN ITS PARA AND ORTHO STATE 4. HOW DOES MAGNETIZER ALLOW TO MEET THE REQUIRMENTS OF RULE 1-4 5. A COMPARISON BETWEEN A CATALYTIC CONVERTER AND THE MAGNETIZER 6. OXIDES OF NITROGEN AND FUEL TREATMENT 7. CONCLUSION 8. REFERENCE : 5 : 8 : 10 : 14 : 19 : 23 : 24 : 25 Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 4 www. techalone. com Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 5 www. techalone. com INTRODUCTION Today’s hydrocarbon fuels leave a natural deposit of carbon residue that clogs carburetor, fuel injector, leading to reduced efficiency and wasted fuel. Pinging, stalling, loss of horsepower and greatly decreased mileage on cars are very noticeable. The same is true of home heating units where improper combustion wasted fuel (gas) and cost, money in poor efficiency and epairs due to build-up. Most fuels for internal combustion engine are liquid, fuels do not combust until they are vaporized and mixed with air. Most emission motor vehicle consists of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen. Unburned hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen react in the atmosphere and create smog. Smog is prime cause of eye and throat irritation, noxious smell, plat damage and decreased visibility. Oxides of nitrogen are also toxic. Generally fuels for internal combustion engine is compound of molecules. Each molecule consists of a number of atoms made up of number of nucleus and electrons, which orbit their nucleus. Magnetic movements already exist in their molecules and they therefore already have positive and negative electrical charges. However these molecules have not been realigned, the fuel is not actively inter locked with oxygen during combustion, the fuel molecule or hydrocarbon chains must be ionized and realigned. The ionization and realignment is achieved through the application of magnetic field created by ‘Fuel Energizer’. Mechanical engineering . www. echalone. com Fuel energizer 6 www. techalone. com Fuel mainly consists of hydrocarbon and when fuel flows through a magnetic field, such as the one created by the fuel energizer, the hydrocarbon change their orientation and molecules of hydrocarbon change their configuration. At the same time inter molecular force is considerably reduced or depressed. These mechanisms are believed to help disperse oil parti cles and to become finely divided. This has the effect of ensuring that fuel actively interlocks with oxygen producing a more complete burn in the combustion hamber. The result is higher engine out put, better fuel economy and reduction in hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen that are emitted though exhaust. The ionization fuel also helps to dissolve the carbon build-up in carburetor, jets, fuel injector and combustion chamber, there by keeping the engines clear condition. Also it works on any vehicle or device (cooking gas stove) using liquid or gas fuel. Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 7 www. techalone. com WHAT FUEL ENERGIZER DOES? More mileage (up to 28% increase) per liter due to 100% burning fuel. †¢ No fuel wastage. †¢ Increased pick-up. †¢ Reduced engine noise. †¢ Reduced smoke. †¢ Faster A/C cooling. †¢ Smooth running, long term maintenance free engine. †¢ 30% extra life for expensive catalytic c onverter. HOW IT INSTALL? Magnetizer fuel energizer (eg:- Neodymium super conductor – NSCM) is installed on cars, trucks immediately before carburetor or injector on fuel line. On home cooking gas system it is installed just before burner. Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer www. techalone. com THE MAGNETIZER HYDROCARBON FUEL The simplest of hydrocarbons, methane, (CH4) is the major (90%) constituent of natural gas (fuel) and an important source of hydrogen. Its molecule is composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, and is electrically neutral. From the energy point of view, the greatest amount of releasable energy lies in the hydrogen atom. Why? In octane (C8H18) the carbon content of the molecule is 84. 2%. When combusted, the carbon portion of the molecule will generate 12,244 BTU (per pound of carbon). On the other hand, the hydrogen, which comprises only 15. 8% of the molecular weight, will generate an amazing 9,801 BTU of heat per pound of hydrogen. Hydrogen, the lightest and most basic element known to man, is the major constituent of hydrocarbon fuels (besides carbon and smaller amount of sulphur and inert gases). It has one positive charge (proton) and one negative charge (electron), i. e. it possesses a dipole moment. It can be either diamagnetic or paramagnetic (weaker or stronger response to the magnetic flux) depending on the relative orientation of its nucleus spins. Even though it is the simplest of all elements, it occurs in two distinct isomeric varieties (forms) para and ortho. It is characterized by the different opposite nucleus spins. In the para H2 molecule, which occupies the even rotation levels (quantum number), the spin state of one atom relative to another is in the opposite direction (counterclockwise, antiparallel, one up one down), rendering it diamagnetic; whereas in the ortho molecule, which occupies the odd rotational levels, the spins are parallel (clockwise, coincident, both up), with the same Mechanical engineering . www. echalone. com Fuel energizer 9 www. techalone. com orientation for the two atoms; therefore, is paramagnetic and a catalyst for many reactions. Thus, the spin orientation has a pronounced effect on physical properties (specific heat, vapor pressure) as well as behavior of the gas molecule. The coincident spins render orthohydrogen exceedingly unstable. In fact, orthohydrogen is more reactive than its para hydrogen counterpart. The liquid hydrogen fuel that is used to power the space shuttle or rockets is stored, for safety reasons, in the less energetic, less volatile, less reactive parahydrogen form. During the start of the shuttle, the orthohydrogen form is beneficial since it allows to intensify the combustion processes. To secure conversion of para to ortho state, it is necessary to change the energy of interaction between the spin state of the H2 molecule. Design of fuel energizers: a) fragment of a rocket fuel energizer Ruskin, 1958) : b) aMagnetizer. (P. Kulish,1984 diagram of a part of fuel) Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 10 www. techalone. com ATOM OF HYDROGEN IN ITS PARA AND ORTHO STATE Any utility patent must be proven operable and scientifically correct before issuance. The same principle has been utilized, and the same effect has been achieved by the action of the Magnetizer where a strong enough flux field was developed to substantially change the hydrocarbon molecule from its para state to the higher energized ortho state. The spin effect of the fuel molecules can be ascertained optically, based on refraction of light rays passing through liquid fuel as had been demonstrated by scientists while using infrared cameras installed, e. g. in metallurgical ovens where the Magnetizer’s had been effectively working. Furthermore, the conversion of hydrogen into ortho H2 (taking place very fast in this strong unique magnetic field, with the simultaneous transformation of the system from a symmetrical into highly active anti-symmetrical molecular state of increased reactivity and catalytic ability) has been found highly advantageous in many technologies, especially those where hydrogen is used. Hydrocarbons have basically a cage-like structure. That is why oxidizing of their inner carbon atoms during the combustion process are hindered. Furthermore, they bind into larger groups of pseudocompounds. Such groups form clusters (associations). The access of oxygen in the right quantity to the interior of the groups of molecules is hindered. (It has nothing to do with incoming air from the manifold in the fuel mixture when even though there may be excess of it, this will not provide the required hydrocarbon-oxygen binding. ) and stemming from this shortage of oxygen to the cluster that hinders the full combustion. In Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 11 www. techalone. com order to combust fuel, proper quantity of oxygen from air is necessary for it to oxidize the combustible agents. For many years, designers of the internal combustion engines have had one goal: to oppose the effect of molecular association of the hydrocarbon fuel and to optimize the combustion process. The peculiar problem in designing engines for air pollution is that in order to fully burn all the hydrocarbons in the combustion chamber, operating temperatures of the cylinders have had to be increased. While older engines may have produced relatively large quantities of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, they produced low quantities of oxides of nitrogen. Also, with the renewed interest in performance engines, compression ratios are creeping upward again, and once again the mechanism for producing higher levels of nitrogen toxins is increased. Similarly, turbo charging effectively alters the compression ratio of a vehicle, further adding to the nitrogen problem. The feed and exhaust systems have been perfected, the ignition controlling electronics has been perfected, the fuel/air mix metering devices have been brought to perfection, and finally the catalytic converters (see below) have been found indispensable. But even then, fumes that leave the afterburners are not ideally clean engine still burns only part of the fuel (or precisely the incompletely oxidized carbon atoms in the form of CO). The rest is discharged as polluting emissions (HC, CO, NOx) or is deposited on the internal engine walls as black carbon residue. All this has been caused by the incomplete combustion process. The reasons for it being that: Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer †¢ 12 www. techalone. com Hydrocarbons form the so-called associations, close olecular groups, interior of which is deprived of access of the suitable amount of air; the lack of oxygen impedes the full combustion. Note: The tendency of HC molecules to cluster causes local macro-groupings (condensing) of molecules to clog the pipes and fuel nozzles. The excess of air in the fuel mixture will not provide for the complete combustion. Hence, the exhaust fumes contain considerable amounts of unburned CO, HC, and soots. â⠂¬ ¢ Oxygen with negative 2 valence is negative, and hydrocarbon has neutral molecular structures, which by passing through steel fuel lines gets negatively (micro) charged. Therefore, when these two atoms come together with the same potential in a combustion chamber, they repel, which result in incomplete combustion. Therefore, all serious research has been aimed at bringing about fuel reactivity with oxygen (oxygenated fuels); since increased oxidation means increased combustion, and the following rules had to be taken into consideration: Rule 1: Unburned hydrocarbon (HC) as well as carbon monoxide (CO) emitted from a vehicle exhaust system can be viewed as the s additional fuel reserve, since, if proper conditions are met, HC CO can be further burned in the combustion chamber. Therefore, creating such proper combustion conditions is paramount. Rule 2: Hydrogen chemical reaction, determined by its valence s (the electron surplus in the outer orbital shell), is affected by a Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 13 www. techalone. com magnetic field since proper magnets are the prime source of control of the position of electrons. Rule 3: The application of a proper magnetic field enforces beneficial changes in fuel structure and enhances its general reactivity in the combustion process. Rule 4: If a hydrocarbon molecule could better bind with oxygen molecules (be more completely oxidized), then the toxicity of fumes would be considerably limited and in principle, one could dispense with catalytic converters. Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 14 www. techalone. com HOW DOES MAGNETIZER ALLOW TO MEET THE REQUIRMENTS OF RULE 1-4 †¢ Rule 1: When hydrocarbon fuel (methane molecule) is combusted, the first to be oxidized are the hydrogen atoms (or precisely electrons on their outer shells). Only then, are the carbon atoms subsequently burned (CH4 + 2O2 = CO2+ 2H2O). Since it takes less time to oxidize hydrogen atoms in a high-speed internal combustion process, in normal conditions some of the carbon will be only partially oxidized; this is responsible for the incomplete combustion. Oxygen combines with hydrogen readily; however, the carbon-oxygen reaction is far less energetic. We should keep in mind: oxygen always has a valence of minus two. The valence of carbon, on the other hand, can be plus or minus due to the configuration of its four electrons in the outer shell, which requires a total of eight electrons for completion. The optimum combustion efficiency (performance) obtained from the Magnetizer application on fuel is first indicated by the amount of increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) produced, which has been validated by state emissions control devices. Furthermore, as the pollutants decrease, the combustion efficiency increases. The drop of HC CO emissions is easily proven by comparative gas flue analysis opacimeter emissions tests. The stoichiometric tests indicate reduction in hydrocarbon HC (unburned fuel) approx. 5 up to 92% and carbon monoxide (CO) up to 99. 9%, due to the Magnetizer use. Remember, as HC goes down, mileage goes up. This results in scientifically measurable emission reduction/combustion www. techalone. com Mechanical engineering . Fuel energizer 15 www. techalone. com efficiency ratio and an average increase in mileage of 15-25%. Since the Fuel Energizer saves fuel by increasing combustion efficiency, less CO is being emitted; thereby, less fuel is being used. In principal, the lowest fuel savings occur in the range velocity of the maximum torque, when the highest increase of horsepower can be noted (about 10 HP); the Magnetizer giving a trade-off between driving a Porsche versus Volkswagen. †¢ Rule 2 Altering the spin properties of the outer shell (valence) electron enhances the reactivity of the fuel (and related combustion process). The higher energized spin state of hydrogen molecule clearly shows a high electrical potential (reactivity), which attracts additional oxygen. Combustion engineering teaches that additional oxygenation increases combustion efficiency; therefore, by altering the spin properties of the H2 molecule, we can give rise to its magnetic moment and enhance the reactivity of the hydrocarbon fuel and ameliorate the related combustion s process. The Magnetizer extremely strong magnetic field, with sufficient flux density to have the required affect on fluid passing through it, substantially changes the isomeric form of the hydrocarbon atom from its para-hydrogen state to the higher energized, more volatile, ortho state, thus attracting additional oxygen. Fuel structure and properties, such as e. g. electrical conductivity, density, viscosity, or light extinction are changed; its macrostructure beneficially homogenized †¢ Rule 3 Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 16 www. techalone. com Hydrocarbon molecules form clusters called associations. It has been technically possible to enhance van der Waals discovery due to the application of the Magnetizer, a high power, permanent magnetic device, strong enough to break down, i. e. de-cluster these HC associations. They become normalized independent, distanced from each other, having bigger surface available for binding (attraction) with more oxygen (better oxidation). A simple analogy is of burning coal dust and a coal bricket. There, where one aims at higher efficiency, during the combustion process, one has to give a molecule the greater access to oxygen. In case of burning of powdered coal dust, adding of oxygen may even cause explosions. Thus, with our fuel energizer, the oxygenation and the combustion efficiency increase. Fuel is more active and dynamic, and the combustion process faster and more complete. These new hydrocarbon molecules have one more important characteristic: they not only dissolve and eliminate carbon varnish in the combustion chambers, on the surface of jet nozzles, spark plugs and exhaust pipe, but do not allow new and harmful deposits to reform. Furthermore, the energizer work ensures s better performance of carburetor or fuel injectors, makes start ups easier, considerably increases driving dynamics, etc. The power and torque in the whole range of rotational velocity of crankshaft also go up. Thanks to de-clustering of hydrogen molecules, in the combustion chamber, increased saturation reactivity of the fuel mixture with oxygen is achieved, resulting in a more complete oxidation of the primary hydrogen element and further oxidation of carbon (C), the secondary fuel element, since, in accordance with van der Waals discovery of a weak clustering force, there is a very strong binding of hydrocarbons with oxygen in such magnetized fuel, which ensures optimal burning of the mixture in the engine chamber. The positively charged fuel, so to speak, swells, www. echalone. com Mechanical engineering . Fuel energizer 17 www. techalone. com thickens, and needs larger quantity of air, which is easily remedied by adjusting the change in air/fuel ratio in carbureted cars. When we attach the Magnetizer unit to the fuel line of an automobile (before carburetor, in tandem series, placed 1/4 apart, or in Fuel Injection Systems on fuel line to the injectors + before the injection pump; mak e sure it is not in contact with the engine metal parts), we see an immediate (approx. after s 5 min. 4-5 miles/6-8 kms upon start-up) drop in unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide due to the magnetic conditioning of the fuel which makes it more reactive. As explicitly stated in our instructions, upon the Magnetizer installation (5-10 minutes thereafter) engine will undergo the so-called Stabilization Period, i. e. the time of the gradual disappearance of prior carbon varnish sediments and the total magnetic saturation of all ferromagnetic metal parts of the feeding system between the installed energizer and the combustion chamber in order to fully activate fuel. The initial saturation lasts about a week (even though in the past we received positive reports already after 2-3 days upon installation), while the complete engine cleaning from the carbon residue lasts about 30 to 70 days (old engines). On passenger cars this means about 1,000-1,125 miles (1600-1800 kms) driven (depending on vehicle class, age, internal cleanliness of its engine, driving habits, etc. ), on trucks about 1,2502,000 miles (2,000-3,200 kms). When after a month from the correct installation, the improvement is not readily apparent, it is caused by too little amount of oxygen in the fuel mixture. One has then to change the dirty or oiled air filter and adjust the carburetor in order to increase the amount of air in the mixture (make it leaner) or adjust fuel pressure of a s diesel pump to restore the O2 level to where it was prior to the energizer installation. Fuel injected cars are self-adjustable, with the exception of quite rare cases when the lambda (excess air) probe has been worn out www. techalone. com Mechanical engineering . Fuel energizer 18 www. techalone. com (needs replacement) and the system overrides the Magnetizer action. Ideally, the adjustment should be done by the professional diagnostic station, which based on the exhaust analysis will optimally adjust the engine. Without the adjustment, the Magnetizer can cause the effect reverse from the required. Also, in the first intensive phase of decarbonization there may be a disturbance in the engine work and s unstable fuel consumption caused by the temporary clogging of jet nozzles by the liquidated deposits. The temporary occlusions are removed in a natural way. At that time it is not recommended to do the engine adjustment. However, during the Stabilization Period the periodic oil change is recommended. Subsequently, one has again to change oil after the Stabilization Period. Compared to savings during the exploitation of the vehicle and extending the engine life, this is a really small s investment.. †¢ Rule 4 The chief function and purpose of a catalytic converter is to convert engine unburned hydrocarbons and reduce by oxidizing s (burning), all carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (vapor). A converter neutralizes exhaust, which has left the combustion chamber of an engine. Such exhaust is less toxic, but the energy from such an after-burning process is not utilized. While catalytic converters are designed to function beyond 5 years and 50,000 miles (80,000 kms), there are problems that can occur (trace amounts of oil escaping to the exhaust, etc. ) that can dramatically shorten their life (destroy them). Example: the sticking-on of an automatic choke will, within a short period of time, cause catalytic converter to overheat and go into meltdown due to an excessively rich mixture. Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 19 www. techalone. om The melting of a catalytic converter will cause the gas passages to clog, which in turn will overheat and burn the engine exhaust valves. A COMPARISON BETWEEN A CATALYTIC CONVERTER AND THE MAGNETIZER: 1 Most catalytic converters require air pumps to initiate catalysis. Air pumps rob power from the engine, reduce fuel economy, and are costly to install. Catalytic converters with air pumps reduce g as mileage the Magnetizer increases gas mileage and performance. 2 Catalytic converters require a light-off temperature to be attained before they become operative (between 3 to 5 miles). Cold converter does not work, so the exhaust fumes right after start-up are equally toxic as without it. The Magnetizer is instantaneous. 3 Catalytic converters are subject to meltdown under rich gas mixtures the Magnetizer is not. It is a fully permanent device. 4 The Magnetizer can easily be transferred from car to car with almost no labor. Converters cannot. 5 The Magnetizer units cost a fraction of the cost of the catalytic converter system. 6 Since catalytic converters reduce power and eventually go bad, they are subject to being removed; they are often not replaced because of the high cost and reduced engine performance. Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 20 www. techalone. com 7 Use of the unleaded gas does eliminate the problem of the most toxic lead compounds, but there is an increase in the air of other carcinogenic substances; the exhaust problem comes around. Very often unleaded gas is transported in the same tank trucks that carry normal gasoline with the lead additives. From daily practice we know that even trace quantities of lead are sufficient to destroy (poison) a converter. As a result, the amount of toxic substances released to the atmosphere can subsequently increase. The Magnetizer works well and with excellent results on all types of fuel unleaded, as well as leaded gasoline, diesel, or liquid petroleum gas (LPG). 8 Catalytic converters have a finite lifetime under optimal conditions, shorter under adverse conditions. It is important to note that although it takes a bit of time for the Magnetizer fuel system to stabilize, one finds the Magnetizer Energizer Systems constantly work better and better as time goes on (see the comment on the Stabilization Period below). 9 The Magnetizer is totally friendly to the environment. The converter is not fully so. The traces of oil that escape to exhaust not only can destroy the action of a converter (the car becoming instantly a polluter), but what is even worse, they are the cause of small amount of highly toxic chemical compounds such as prussic acid; sulphuretted hydrogen; and platinum compounds released to the atmosphere. As emphatically stated by Hannover-based, world-reknowned German scientist, Dr. Hans A. Nieper, President of the German Society of Oncology, et al. , author of 320 scientific articles, essays, books: First of all, all catalytic converters should be removed from cars as soon as Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 21 www. techalone. com possible. The reason nerve gas (phosphoric esters) being generated by the automotive catalytic converters. Those interested further are referred to Dr. Nieper article Nerve Gas from Catalytic Converters, which s appeared in the September 1995 issue of the NEXUS magazine. Waver Motors port Co. from Poland offers the highest quality engine tuning with the use of the American measuring devices, Super chips, in one of the most modern test benches in Europe called Super flow. The owner of Waver, Mr. Andrzej Zajac, did an experiment by putting the Magnetizer on Engine Energizer System on and utting off a catalytic converter on his Opel Calibra Turbo. The results have been unbelievable: CO on idle went down from 0. 5 to 0. 2, HC lowered from 100 to 70, and the car, which should burn 15 liters per 100 km (15. 9 miles per gallon) uses now, according to information received from Mr. A. Zajac, 11 liters per 100 km (21. 7 miles per gallon) almost a 27% fu el saving. As related in stoichiometric charts representing ideal combustion parameters (see below), the highest burning efficiency will be achieved at the highest carbon dioxide level, since carbon dioxide cannot be subsequently oxidized. The amazing part is that apart from the converter-less carbureted cars, the Magnetizer reduces emissions on cars with catalytic converters. The increased combustion efficiency is occurring within the engine due to increased fuel reactivity with oxygen (increased oxidation), the main factor responsible for increased combustion efficiency. It is a complete waste to allow an engine to run inefficiently and to burn the excess carbon monoxide in its catalytic converter, the wasted heat merely heating up the exhaust system instead of providing useful work within the engine. By establishing the correct Mechanical engineering . ww. techalone. com Fuel energizer 22 www. techalone. com fuel burning parameters through proper magnetic means, we can be assured that an internal combustion engine is getting the maximum energy per gallon of fuel, as well as providing the environment with the lowest possible level of toxic emissions. Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 23 www. techalone. com OXIDES OF NITROGEN AND THE MAGNETIZER FUEL TREATMENT One of the chief reasons for the Magnetizer to have possibility to lower the NOx level, as reported elsewhere, is due to the low reactivity of nitrogen gas. If we can bind up all the available oxygen with the hydrocarbon fuel, there simply will be no oxygen left over to form the unwanted nitrogen compounds. It appears that magnetic treatment is the simplest means of achieving this feat. As documented by numerous state certified emissions tests, the Magnetizer fuel treatment has shown decreases in unburned hydrocarbon by 75-100% and CO reductions of 90-100%. Stoichiometrically, there is very little oxygen left to produce any additional toxic compounds with nitrogen. Mechanical engineering www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 24 www. techalone. com CONCLUSION By establishing correct fuel burning parameters through proper magnetic means (Fuel Energizer) we can assumed that an internal combustion engine is getting maximum energy per liter as well as environment with lowest possible level toxic emission. Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com Fuel energizer 25 www. techalone. com REFERENCE †¢ www. saver. com. †¢ www. magnetimatt ress. com. †¢ www. magnetizer. com Mechanical engineering . www. techalone. com